Description overdue on 09/13/2014

• Composition
• Product form
• Pharmacological action
• Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics
• Product form
• Contraindications
• Side effects
• Instruction in Chloroform
• Overdose
• Cooperation
• Terms of sale
• Storage conditions
• Shelf life
• Reviews
• Price, where to buy

Composition

What is Chloroform?

Chloroform - a narcotic substance fatty, has a stronger effect than anesthetic ether .

In contrast, it is much faster than the ether is offensive anesthesia   relaxing and well skeletal muscles . However, at the same time it characterized as very toxic agent.

Formula and properties of matter

Wikipedia on chloroform said that under normal circumstances is a chemical compound is a movable volatile clear liquid without color and with a characteristic ethereal odor. Chloroform non-explosive and non-flammable.

Formula chloroform - CHCl3. The formula was established by the French chemist Dumas (Dumas).

The substance is substantially insoluble in water and miscible in all proportions with fatty ester oils, alcohols and ethers. Also, it is a good solvent for a large amount of organic substances (e.g., lecithin, waxes, resins, rubber), and some inorganic materials (e.g., iodine, sulfur, or phosphorus).

Chloroform - Connect enough unstable . When exposed to light and air, it is oxidized by oxygen. The products of this reaction are chlorine, hydrochloric acid, carbonic acid dichloride (phosgene) - toxic chemicals with suffocating effect.

For this reason, the procedure should be avoided chloroformization with an open flame. Poisoning phosgene   - A fairly common occurrence when using chloroform, which for a long time kept in a warm place.

To prevent decomposition of chloroform, it must be stored in amber glass jars. With the same purpose in chloroform is added alcohol or - sometimes - methenamine .

Hazard chloroform extent of human exposure - II (highly dangerous substances).

Product form

Product form chloroform - Emulsion for topical use in a 50 ml vial.

The substance is manufactured in accordance with the GOST 20015-88 standard.

Chloroform for anesthesia   available in dark glass jars with a capacity of 200 ml.

Pharmacological action

Chloroform is classified neurotropic drugs Used to inhalation anesthesia . Substance name in Latin - Chloroformium .

The tool is characterized by the ability to provide high anesthetic   and toxic   effects if inhaled, causing a reversible paralysis   all vital functions.

And it is his action is found in all living organisms - protozoa . bacteria .   fungi , Higher and lower plants, animals. Under the influence of chloroform suspended their vitality and growth in plants sprouting seeds is terminated.

It is based on this antiseptic   and antifermentativnye properties of the material: in particular, it helps to slow down the processes rot   and alcoholic fermentation of sugar .

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

Chloroform - what is it?

The mechanism of action chloroform as anesthetic   It is associated with a decrease in the transition temperature of some membrane lipids . This in turn enhances yield membranes of nerve cells .

Drug effects   Chloroform per person is shown in its ability to affect the nervous activity That is accompanied by a gradual fading of consciousness, decreased sensitivity to the effects of stimuli and loss of ability to strong-willed action.

Man plunges into a state of intoxication or stun accompanied by illusions, unmotivated and uncoordinated movements, delirium, anxiety and - sometimes - increase in seizure activity (for example, some people have come under the influence of chloroform clonic-tonic convulsions ).

Local Action of chloroform is realized by means of irritation sensory (receptor) nerve   and other elements tissue system .

Getting on skin Liquid Chloroform initially causes a sensation of cold, due to its evaporation, then there is a feeling burning   and erubescence And for protection against evaporation - signs inflammation Which are accompanied by the formation of bubbles.

On a lizistye shell   Chloroform has a more pronounced irritant effect, ingestion of the substances can cause severe lesions of the stomach . gematemezis   (bloody vomit), and diarrhea .

Chloroform vapors irritate not so much, but when they are inhaled, there a variety of reflections, resulting in broken respiratory activity . heart function As well as other functions bodies   and organ systems .

The high toxicity of the substance provokes the following complications:

• violation of frequency, rhythm and sequence of cuts heart muscle ;
• myocardial dystrophy ;
• cirrhosis of the liver ;
• degeneration (atrophy), liver .

Chloroform is one of the first substances that have been proposed for use as anesthetics surgical interventions: widely used in surgical practice, he found from the middle of the XIX-th century.

How the person as a means Chloroform inhalation anesthesia

Inhalation anesthesia   It carried out by inhaling the vapors of chloroform. Acting on the body, it narcotic substance   It causes characteristic changes in all the it agencies   and systems .

With the saturation of the organism with chloroform, consciousness . breathing   and blood circulation   Human begin to change, depending on how deep anesthesia .

Total distinguish 4 stages of change:

• I - phase of analgesia;
• II - the stage of initiation;
• III - surgical stage (this stage has 4 sublevels);
• IV - stage of awakening.

At the stage of analgesia that lasts no more than 3-4 minutes, the patient is up and braked, but is conscious and can monosyllabic answer questions put to him. It is free from surface sensitivity to pain, but tactile sensitivity and sensitivity to thermal effects is maintained. In this period can be carried out such simple operations like opening ulcers   or phlegmons Diagnostic studies.

In some cases, the initial stage of chloroform followed by appropriate action reflex movements: patients may try to remove the mask, or draw back the hand.

At the stage of excitation inhibited located in the cerebral cortex centers . the subcortical centers They remain in a state of excitation. The patient is not conscious, but expressed verbal and motor stimulation (he can try to get up from the table, shouting).

Skin bloodshot Superficial vessels   the body and, in particular, those dilated, the temperature is increased and the runout arteries   Reinforced. Pupils dilated, but react to light, marked lacrimation . Often there coughing . increases the secretion of bronchial glands May start vomiting .

At this stage, perform any surgical procedures can not be at the stage of initiation continued saturation of the body narcotic substance   to deepen anesthesia . The duration and intensity of the excitation stage are unique to each individual patient.

The consequence of the action of chloroform on the girls / women, children and patients whose bodies are exhausted, a short duration of the excitement phase, and sometimes its absence. In contrast, the excitement is expressed more strongly in people suffering from alcohol addiction.

With the onset of the third, surgical, stage patient calms down, his breathing leveled and figures Heart Rate and Blood Pressure   close to the source. At this stage, after fully Chloroform fallen upon the patient, the doctor starts the operation.

A further effect of chloroform on located in medulla reflex centers   provokes a decrease of reflex activity, insensitivity to the effects of stimuli and loss of patient muscle tone . This condition is characterized as deep anesthesia .

Stage revival begins with the termination of supply to the patient anesthesia . At this level of drug   in his blood   reduced sick again passes all stages anesthesia , But in the reverse order, and wakes up.

Since Chloroform is highly toxic   and has a strong depressing effect on liver . central nervous . breathing   and the cardiovascular system Currently it is practically used as a anesthetic agent .

If overdose of chloroform during anesthesia   may develop paralysis of the respiratory center , Whereby the primary comes respiratory arrest . The most dangerous consequences observed from hearts   (up to its sudden stopping).

In connection with the advent of new drugs and methods of total body anesthesia, it was decided to abandon chloroform as anesthetic agent . However, over time, it managed to develop a method anesthetic Minimizing any harmful properties of this substance.

This method involves the use of chloroform in compliance with strict dosing (metering performed by means of special apparatuses and anesthetic vaporizers calibrated "Hlorotek") in combination with a large amount of oxygen. At a concentration of 3-4 vol.% Of such a mixture causes anesthesia   without excitation, the optimum concentration for maintaining III (surgical) step - 1-1, 5 vol.%.

Chloroform - what kind of substance and how it affects the body

Inhalation of chloroform has a detrimental effect on the state Nervous System . Inhalation for a short period of time the air, which contains only 0, 09% chloroform provokes dizziness, increased fatigue   and seizures headaches .

The result of constant exposure to this substance in the body are liver disease   and kidney .

According to statistics, almost every tenth inhabitant of the planet has allergy   Chloroform on. It is expressed most frequently in the form of a sharp increase in the body temperature (40 ° C) and vomiting (after surgical operations, in which the substance was used as anesthetic , Vomiting was observed in approximately 70-85% of patients).

Studies on animals have shown that the inhalation air, which contains only 0, 03% chloroform, pregnant female rats results in spontaneous abortion pregnancy . The same was observed in rats which were given orally Chloroform.

The next generation of experimental rats and mice that continue to breathe air with chloroform, gives rise to a number of calves with various kinds of birth   pathologies Than their healthy counterparts.

Effect of substance on human reproduction has not been studied until the end. We only know that long-term inhalation of vapor (for 2-10 minutes) can cause death .

Presumably Chloroform can cause hereditary changes in the fetus and increases the likelihood of malignancy . These properties are manifested only when exceeded permissible concentration of substances in the air.

How do Chloroform home

The forums frequent questions like "How to lull a person with chloroform? "And" How to prepare their own Chloroform? ".

If a man put to sleep - the task of an experienced anesthesiologist, then get the stuff at home, if desired, the strength almost everyone.

Chloroform is chlorine derivatives of methane. Obtained by heating it with bleach ethanol (ethyl alcohol).

Production of ethyl alcohol

To obtain a substance in this manner, it is necessary to take 430 g of the bleach, which contains 23% CaO2Cl2 4, and to mix it with the 1, 5 liters of water. Then here is added to 100 g of caustic (slaked) lime and 100 cubic meters. Alcohol 88 cm, 5%.

The resulting mixture was distilled, and the distillate is added to the milk of lime (slaked lime slurry in the lime water) and calcium chloride CaCl₂. The separated chloroform was separated, several times it is shaken with concentrated sulfuric acid and rectified (separated into substantially pure components by repeated vaporization and condensation of liquid vapors).

Getting from acetone

To obtain Chloroform acetone, 275 g charge of bleach, which contains 33, 3% of active chlorine, rubbing it with a 800 cu. cm of water and slowly poured into a mixture of acetone and water (for its preparation taking 22 g of acetone and water in an amount of 70 cu. cm).

Preparation of hypochlorite, potassium (K) or sodium (Na)

This method involves the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of potassium chloride and an alcohol. Instead of alcohol allowed to use acetone or aldehyde.

Production of Whiteness

One of the easiest ways to obtain material - mixing whites and acetone. 100 ml Whiteness thus should take 10 ml of acetone. Such an amount of ingredients allows you to get a large enough (about 3 ml), a drop of chloroform. Possibly, at the distillation may be obtained somewhat larger amount of the desired substance.

Indications for use of chloroform

Chloroform was used as anesthetic agent   surgical interventions. Furthermore, in the nomenclature of drugs has also drug "Chloroform for external use".

Since one of the main properties of chloroform is its ability to be irritating to the skin and mucous membranes, it is often used in combination with turpentine   or methyl salicylate   to the friction with neuralgia   and inflammatory lesions of skeletal muscles (myositis) .

In some cases in the form of droplets Chloroform (mixed with tincture of valerian root ) Is indicated for hiccups . flatulence . vomiting   and   pain in the epigastric region .

To reduce the sensitivity the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract Affected by irritant and tear of action (in particular, arsenical hydrogen - one of the strongest inorganic poison providers hemoclastic action   and provoke development malignancies ) Chloroform administered in the form of so-called smoke mixture, which in addition it includes and ethyl hartshorn , and anesthetic ether .

Contraindications

Contraindications to the use of chloroform as anesthetic agent   They are:

• Increased individual sensitivity to it;
• Pathology Cardiovascular ;
• liver disease ;
• kidney ;
• asthenic syndrome .

For external use Chloroform is contraindicated if the patient has pyo-inflammatory skin diseases . Contraindications for oral administration have not been established.

Side effects

Exceeding the recommended dose of chloroform was drowsing by patient inhalation And especially inhalation concentrated vapor of the substance (when the concentration is more than 2%), leads to a weakening cardiac activity , A sharp drop in performance blood pressure   (up to the development collapse ) And cardiac arrest .

Chloroform vapors are irritating to the mucous membranes of the eyes . respiratory And ingestion - also gastric mucosa . As a result of such exposure in humans:

• mucous redden;
• a feeling burning ;
• It begins copious Department mucus, tears   and Saliva ;
• there are attacks Cough ;
• a feeling nausea ;
• there vomiting .

Increased secretion of mucus triggers difficulty breathing And in some cases can cause suffocation .

As a result, isolation salivary glands   large amount of saliva in humans often starts vomiting . Contact the vomit in lungs   in turn leads to suffocation   or development pneumonia .

Couples irritate and chloroform sensory nerve endings Located at respiratory mucosa That exerts influence on the function of the reflex respiratory and vasomotor centers As well as activities the center of the vagus nerve .

As a result - after the primary excitation the person reflexively begin   slowed breathing   and heartbeat   (sometimes up to a full stop).

Chloroform has the ability to penetrate the intact skin Initially causing irritation. Long accompanied by a strong local impact inflammation And forming blisters . Sometimes it can develop dermatitis   or eczema .

In some cases, a patient may develop an addiction to chloroform associated with taking substances into or misuse of inhalation. This type substance abuse   It is called "chloroformism".

Instruction in Chloroform

Chloroform is used topically in the form of a complex of chloroform liniment, which he comes in equal parts from the oil extract of leaves of black henbane and datura oil. The tool is applied to the painful area and rub gently.

A preparation for oral administration in the form of water chloroform prescribed to take three to five drops 3-4 times daily. A preparation in the form of water containing chloroform Chloroform 0, 5% take one tablespoon. Multiplicity of reception - 3-4 per day.

The highest single dose for oral administration to adult patients at 0, 5 ml daily - 1 ml.

Overdose

Chloroform has toxic effect   on metabolism   function and visceral .
Odour Threshold is 0, 0003 mg per liter. Bright tangible peculiar smell occurs when the concentration of chloroform at 0, 02 mg per liter.

Drug substance concentration - 0, 25-0, 5 mg / l. In such a concentration of chloroform provokes change in the rate of development reflex muscle tension , Changing the course of metabolic processes, Stomach   and intestinal disorders . arrhythmia , Reducing the number of detachable urine and kidneys appearance in the urine of sugar .

Severe poisoning substance most commonly observed in people working in the pharmaceutical industry. They are accompanied by violation cardiac function   and respiratory center . mucous   ( eye . stomach . respiratory ).

Milder forms of poisoning accompanied vomiting

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kidney   and liver .

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adrenaline . noradrenaline . ephedrine  

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vomiting   or